Analysis of Performance Appraisal System

Analysis of implementation estimation SystemABSTRACTThis denomination runines the achievement Appraisal System of Opsonin pharma Ltd. It arguees superstar previous format of motion approximation and the rate of f commencement surgical procedure appraisal. Author has tried to find forth whether surgical procedure appraisal placement of the political party motivates the employees to discover the comp both destination. Researcher has conducted the glance in the organise office mass of the company to get the subject of charge people. The study uses main(a) and secondary data to do the analysis of the research where it has searched academic lit for the theories of carrying into action appraisal, carrying out oversight, motivation and human imagery guidance.Result has come out by dint of and through the survey that current accomplishment appraisal transcription has shown positive impression but still it needs roughly breakment much(prenominal) as proper p ractice and introduction of act steering.Chapter 1. IntroductionSurvival of the fittest formerly advocated by famous biologist Charles Darwin in his Origin of Species (1859) transcended the boundary of biological world. Now this principle has become true in aras where competition determines ultimate fate. In the realm of organization, this principle ope judge in the name of productivity, profitability, efficiency, long suit and so on. Organization theorists during classical period emphasized on structural and technological perfection for survival and growth. Such mechanistic sentiments of scrap started fading since 1930s onwards. The rise of behavioural and industrial humanism repair way to human capital to be considered central in the study of competitiveness. The measurement unit of portion of human capital is termed as procedure.Performance Appraisal (PA) as a technique of measuring rod competitiveness of organizations or institutions is not a fresh phenomena. It has started from Han Dynasty in 206 BC-220 AD where they used to use merit exam for selection and promotion (Wren, 1994). But most probably PA frame started in the industry from Robert Owens textile mills of the 1800s, where he used silent monitor system with the block of woods with different act upon that he put in the get station of severally employee. E very(prenominal)one could see the performance with each roughly other(a) (Wren, 1994). This gave rise to an annual legal opinion which was recorded in a book of character. The assessments were subjective, which is one of the primary(prenominal) criticisms still leveled at performance appraisal today.In the early part of the twentieth century Owens ideas were superseded by those of scientific management, devised by F.W. Taylor and popularly colligated with Henry Ford. This emphasised the use of quantitative methods to measure stimulate performance (e.g., a fair days work and differential piece rate system), and led to the victimisation of work study techniques in the inter-war period.Though today, private sector has been credited as the perfectionist of performance management techniques, the modern psychometric approach to performance appraisal has been brought by the state-supported sector (Torrington, Weightmen and John, 1989, p.66). referable to its monopo key outic and legalistic nature, creation sector performance appraisal practices could not reach that standard as reached by the private sector, which took appraisal as a response to market competition.The study is based on Opsonin Pharma Limited, a conduct pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh. It was incorporated as a private company in 1976. It manufactures, and markets generic wine medicines for both human and animal use. Its value-added products improve the smell of life of both the people and animals in Bangladesh as tumefy as abroad and help them enjoy longer, healthier, and to a greater extent productive lives. Opsonin is known f or long as a entrap upr of regular and life saving medicines at affordable price. It has long been established and recognise as one of the most leading, progressive and modern pharmaceutical company in the country with the sanction of manufacturing quality products as the company is committed to contribute much to develop national health sector.1.1 usage OF STUDYPurpose of the study is to identify whether the management people who are work in the head office are convinced or not with performance appraisal system of the company.1.2 subscribe to AND OBJECTIVES1.2.1 AIMAim for this research is to gather knowledge some performance appraisal system in Opsonin Pharma Ltd. and to get clear idea close to performance appraisal system through literature recapitulation.1.2.2 OBJECTIVESTo provide recommendation to Opsonin Pharma Ltd how they quarter improve their performance appraisal system.To examine how performance appraisal system works.To analyse how Opsonin Pharma motivate the employees through performance appraisal system.To make an overview of Opsonin Pharma Limited.To make an overview of Performance Appraisal System of Opsonin Pharma Limited.To determine the interrelation between Performance Appraisal System and other gentle Resource aspects.To measure the level of employee discipline.To determine the push of Performance Appraisal System for cause the employees of Opsonin Pharma Limited.1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONSHow effective is the performance appraisal system in Opsonin Pharma Ltd.?Do the management people think that current performance appraisal system works properly in the company?Does performance appraisal system motivate the employees at Opsonin Pharma Ltd.?Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEWThe Performance Appraisal (PA) system is requirement for maintaining high standard of human resource of any organization, both private and public sector. Performance appraisal is a part of working link that emphasizes for both bosses and subordinates their charab ancial responsibilities (Williams, 1972, p.8). A mature performance appraisal should introduce in the company to know employees abilities and efforts to match organisational expectations. A proficient PA system elicit measure employees activities with reasonable accuracy and it can provide feedback to employees on their performance, and make a chance to employees to develop their weaknesses. at that place is a chance to make wrong personnel decisions which lead to affect organizations capacity without in force(p) performance appraisal systems. But ineffective appraisal system can bring many an(prenominal) problems including frustration for good movers which go forth encourage them to leave the company, ca use the organization to cause high recruitment costs (Chou, 2005, p.42).This concern is addressed by ensuring that employees understand how their work contributes to the achievement of organisational goals, by ensuring that employees have the skills to make that contribut ion and, above all, by developing a climate of pass discussion in which performance, achievements, and difficulties can be approached openly and supportively. A sound PA system, therefore, measures performance of employees not only to make some backwardly-linked like recruitment validity, motivation, morale, etc. and forwardly-linked like career growth, reward and sanction, employee development personnel decisions etc., but to integrate between organizational goals and individualised goals of employees (Hyde, 1982, p.295).It is a really hard project for reflecting employee performance through performance appraisal system. Performance appraisal systems are not general idea that can be followed by all companies without any modification because it depends on employee and organizational characteristics and qualities (Henderson, 1984, p.54).At world-class glance performance appraisal appears as though it should be something relatively straightforward. Torrington, Weightman and Johns (1989, p.814) offer a working definition of appraisal asThe wait on of judging a persons performance and reporting that judgment.Alan Fowler has given very good definition about the objective of performance appraisal system. He suggested thatStaff work silk hat when they know what they have to do, how well they have to do it, and how well they are thought to have done, so they need to talk to their conductors at least once a family about this, and their motorcoachs need to play their supplys view into account when solidifyingting work goals and deciding who needs what training.(Fisher, 1995, p.12)Traditional performance appraisal is more than of a control mechanism used to make the most of an employee. How an employee is contributing toward achievement of organizational goal is the main concern here? Based on contribution ratio of the employees, the management makes some personnel decisions much(prenominal) as promotion, salary increase, sanction, and training needs. This u ni-dimensional concept goes more with the philosophy of personnel management.2.1 Formal versus everyday Performance AppraisalFormal performance appraisals unremarkably occur at specified time periods once, in two ways or thrice a year. Formal performance appraisals are required by the organization or institution for the purpose of employee assessment.Informal performance appraisals can take place whenever the supervisory program or manager feels confabulation is needed.2.2 Purpose, Objectives Benefits of Performance Appraisal2.2.1 PurposeThe purpose of performance appraisal is to devlop the organizations performance throughout the improve performance of employees.2.2.2 ObjectivesOrganization uses performance appraisal system to execute some objectives. The main objectives in using performance appraisal in an organization are as followsMotivating and allocating rewards for employeesReview past performance to rectifying the mistakes from management and employees (Fisher, 1995, p .11)Proper utilization of company resources.Identifying areas where training and improvement are required.Coaching and developing employees so that they can perform better to achieve the company goal.Identifying the area where developments programs need to be introduced.Giving employees feedback about their work so that they can be inspired.Improve communion between managers and subordinates.Identifying the base for pay, promotion etc.. (Yeates, 1990, p.36)2.2.3 BenefitsThe eudaemonias of a successful appraisal system can be concluded as followsFor the organization Improved performance all the time in the organization due toAchieve organizations objectives and values it needs proper communicationIncrease sense of group work and dependabilityEstablish better kind between managers and plyManagers have got the scope and power to use their leadership skills to motivate and improve their subordinates.Improve outline of the tasks immaculate by employees.Classification of thoughts fo r improvement.Prospect and long-term view of the company can be developed.Training and development requirements appeared more clearly.A finale of continuous progress and success can be formed and maintained. passel who have got potential can be classified for career development plans to provide for future staff requirements.The message is passed to everyone that employees are valued properly.(Fisher, 1995, pp.15-16).For the reviewr Performance appraisal is a chance to develop an overview of soul jobs and organizations.Classification of ideas for development.Improved job satisfaction.Increased sense of individual value.There is an opportunity for appraiser to associate team and individual objectives to fulfil departmental and organizational objectives.There is an opportunity to explain expectations of the contribution the manager expects from team and individuals.The opportunity to set up the targets.There is a chance to make productive relationship with subordinates based on ord inary interest and understanding.(Fisher, 1995, p.16)For the appraisee Boost them up to increase motivation.Enlarged their career through job satisfactionThey realize that they are valued.When they will get feedback after performance appraisal then(prenominal) they get a clear idea of what is expected from them and what they have to do to meet expectations.Supervisors discuss with them to improve their needinessing areas.They are offered for training and development for their improvement.When managers are creating scope for developing their subordinates career then it is lastly developing relationship between them.(Fisher, 1995, pp.16-17)2.3 What should be appraised?Managers should consider four things when they are going to do the performance appraisal.Inputs Appraisers will see how job holders have implemented their knowledge and skills to perform their job effectively.Process rail line holders outcome will indicate the implementation of knowledge and skills for their activiti es. These are sometimes called to as competences. These illustrate the performance required of people to complete their job effectively. This kind of performance can make a release between highly effective and less effective performers in a given role much(prenominal) as personal drive, analytical power, team management and leadership and ability to communicate. come outputs Measurable or patent results of the performer will be expressed by jobholders.Outcomes- Result will show the ultimate impact of the jobholders and their teams or departments and their overall activities to achieve the objectives of the organizations.(Fisher, 1995, p.25)2.4 When appraisals should take placeFormal performance appraisal are usually held annually but some of the fast moving companies prefer to do it twice a year or even more a great deal, it could be quarterly. Those who are working in projects under a consultancy firm, their performance military rank could happen after each assignment but th ere would still be an overall review at the end of the year. Some of the organizations conduct progress meetings at specific time to review progress towards achieving objectives, work plans or projects. Some of them are doing two or iii times a year, the main purpose of which is to review and update objectives.(Fisher, 1995, p.27)There are some reasons behind failure of appraisals. Reasons are as followsEmployees dont know about the time frame and what exactly they need to do in cost of good performanceOthers fail because of problems with the measures used to actually appraise the performanceAn easygoing supervisor talent rate as high, for instance, subordinates who are actually substandardOther problems, like arguing and poor communication, bring down the interview feedback session.Storey and Sisson (1993) have suggested that performance appraisal system actually have three locomote objective setting, feedback, and paygrade.The inaugural step of an appraisal system is to giv e the focussing to the employee on how to apply their efforts for the benefit of the organization. The second step is to ensure employees work toward the achievement of their objectives through a process of positive communication with their supervisor. The final step involves the supervisor making an appraisal of the employees performance over the entire assessment cycle.(Brown Benson, 2005, p.101)2.5 normal Appraisal methodsManagers usually conduct the appraisal using a predetermined and formal method one or more of the followings2.5.1 Graphic military rank scale of measurement (GRS)The Graphic Rating Scale is the simplest and most popular technique for appraising performance. GRS measures personality traits and performance along with a point continuum scale or anchored scale. It lists traits such(prenominal) as quality and reliability and a range of performance values from unsatis component party to outstanding for each trait. The manager or supervisor rates each subordinat e by circling or checking the score that better(p) describes his or her performance for each trait. In the end of marking manager or supervisor do the totals of the assigned values for the traits.(Dessler, 1999, p.156)The rater is given wide freedom in choosing a point, which is a threat to reliability and workability.2.5.2 Alternation Ranking MethodPositioning employees from best to worst on a trait or traits is another(prenominal) appraisal option. Since it is usually easier to distinguish between the worst and best employees, an alternation ranking method is most popular. First, list all subordinates to be rated, and then cross out the names of any not known well enough to rank. Then, indicate the employee who is the highest on the characteristic being measured and also the one who is the lowest. Then necessitate the next highest and the next lowest, alternating between highest and lowest until all employees have been ranked.(Dessler, 1999, p.158)2.5.3 Paired Comparison MethodT he paired comparison method helps make the ranking method more precise. For every trait such as quantity of work, quality of work, and so on will be considered for appraisal for instant, top performer of quantity of work and top performer of quality of work will be pared. (Dessler, 1999, PP. 158-159)2.5.4 hale prime(prenominal) Method (FCM)FCM intends to mitigate reliability problem of GRS by making scaling unknown to the rater. Here, the rater is served with some statements about a crabby trait or performance factor. The rater is to spot a statement that best describes the employee. The place is done by someone else. This is unworkable in larger organization. Both the rater and the ratee feel uncomfortable with FCM(Anderson, 1993, p.24)2.5.5 Forced Distribution Method (FDM)The coerce distribution method is similar to grading on a curve. With this method, manager places predetermined percentages of ratees into performance categories. FDM is a GRS or BARS scaling with a populat ion distribution requirement. usually it requires a normal distribution i.e. the lowest and the highest grade contain 10% of population each. The remaining 80% is distributed among others with highest distribution reserved for the mid-grade. FDM intends to minimize overrating. Yet it carries high probability of inequality in case of intricate population.(Dessler, 1999, p.159)2.5.6 Critical Incident MethodWith this method, the supervisor keeps a log of positive and negative example (critical incidents) of a subordinates work-related behaviour. Every six months or so, supervisor and subordinate meet to discuss the latters performance, using the incidents as examples.There are several advantages of this method of which are as followsIt provides actual examples of good and poor performance the supervisor can use to explain the persons rating.It ensures that the manager or supervisor thinks about the subordinates appraisal all during the year.The rating does not just reflect the employ ees most recent performance.The list hopefully provides examples of what specifically the subordinate can do to eliminate any deficiencies.However, without some numerical rating, this method is not too recyclable for analyze employees or making salary decisions.(Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, pp.45-46)2.5.7 Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)A behaviourally anchored rating scale combines the benefits of narratives, critical incidents, and quantified scales, by anchoring a rating scale with specific examples of behavioural activities for good or bad performance. Its supporters say it gives more equitable appraisal than do the other tools we discussed. Although BARS scales still present performance on a continuum they provide specific behavioral anchors to help clarify the meaning of the performance dimensions and help calibrate the raters definitions of what constitutes good and poor performance. Some supporters of behaviorally cogitate scales also claimed that they would re move unnecessary subjectivity (Latham Wexley, 1977). BARS is judged from a set of scales- one scale describes each job dimension, or broad types of duties, responsibilities, or activities of a job. Placed on a scale are a set of statements clarifying of worker behaviour on the particular job dimension.(Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, p.61).Rating dimension would vary according to the nature of the job- between six and nine seems sort of common. For example one British study identify seven Supervision of operators, scheduling and planning, technical troubleshooting, handling men, communications, administrative problems of wiring wire and dealing with other departments. BARC system has got substantial advantage it has some weave back as well such as time consuming and expensive. Some of them have identified ten dimension of performance. They are interpersonal relationships, organizing and planning, reactions to problems, reliability, communicating, adaptability, growth, productivit y, quality of work and teaching.(Fletcher Williams, 1985, pp. 42-44)2.5.8 Computerised and web-based performance appraisalMany people who have got the charged for performance appraisal for their subordinates whitethorn not be able to do so particularly juvenilely appointed supervisors. As they will take over new responsibilities so they may not be efficient in expressing themselves in writing about employee performance. Eventhough some of them have got the intensity level to do perfectly but still they may need some format for developing effective, useful employee performance appraisals.Computer software programs are making the performance appraisal system easier from many aspects such as writing a difficult employee performance appraisal. Management software that is commonly called MBA-ware, offers expert guidance in management issues that would cover from creating a business plan to writing employee policy manuals (Sprout, 1995). Some managers are looking for a develop technolo gy to solve the problems that they are facing during performance appraisal.Current estimator software programs allow the managers to make performance appraisal documents that are in complete format, professional in appearance, and easy to use in the performance appraisal system. Additionally, this software programs provide classification of job performances that will be counted for appraising and offer various pre-written descriptions of behaviors for each criteria.There are three leading programs for employee evaluation software that are Review Writer 1.0, Performance Now 2.03, and Employee Appraiser 2.0 (Stewart, 1994 Robinson, 1994). There are some similar software programs in the market but it do not do the evaluation process that way the other three software work (D.W. Pratt, personal communication, July 24, 1996).These three leading software programs work step-by-step to evaluate employees performance. Managers input the employees information into the system, mark the job des cription and/or categories to be used, choose the correct written evaluations, and print it.(Spinks, Wells Meche, 1999, p.94)2.5.9 Mixed Standard ScalesThese scales are made to make the evaluation system reliable through confirming each individual rates, each scales rate and each rater rates and to minimize halo and leniency errors (Blanz Ghiselli, 1972). The idea of mixed standard scale has come from the logic of forced choice method. Halo and leniency errors could reduce if ratings are not made on a scale where statements come in an obvious order of merit hierarchy. Practical findings provide support to these hypotheses (Saal Landy, 1977). This scale is choosing three items for each performance dimension which are good, average and poor.2.5.10 Management By Objectives (MBO)More than half of the organizations on a regular basis used performance appraisals in the beginning of 1950s, compared with only 15 per cent immediately after demesne War II (Spriegel, 1962). They had ordina ry, numerical system which was trait rating system. This system focuses on past actions to appraise people on the basis of a previously established set of dimensions (DeVries et al., 1981). Lots of employees who were being apprised by the manager were not happy due to the way of performance measuring system. Trait rating system did not develop the employees performance rather than there was clear indication for being sacked for low performers (Van Riper, 1958). It is mentionable that this rating system gave chance to managers to play the role of judge instead of employee development for achieving both the employees and the organizations goals (McGregor, 1957). Out come of the performance appraisal system was conflicting with present roles of managers and the achievement of organizational goal thats wherefore new thought was introduced after World War II to update performance appraisal systems (DeVries et al., 1981). Due to the limitations of performance appraisal systems in the 195 0s which led to the development of new systems based on management by objectives (MBO)In theory, at least, Management by Objectives provided a clear and unambiguous framework for specifying and measuring employee performance. Labovitz and Baird have given some ideas about MBO that isMBO approach to managing people is a process of continually structuring expectations through mutual goal setting with subordinates, establishing action plans and target dates, reaching objectives and providing feedback. This is a way of managing subordinates that permits them to meet their personal needs for responsibility, freedom of action and recognition. At the same time the MBO approach provides a supervisor with an fixings of control, and change his or her role from police officer to colleague or coach. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, pp.51-52). MBO is introduced in the management for modify performance, reducing role vagueness and redirecting effort to important organizational target. MBO system could be fit and work with any types of organization for planning process, a control technique and a form of individual performance appraisal. (Baird, Beatty Schneier, 1982, p.57).MBO has many positive sides but it has some limitations that we need to consider. The main issue that a company should consider first to implement MBO is the high level of management commitment and time frame to reorient the thinking of employees (Patten, 1977). converse is the key to get a good out come and to prevent the complexity of the system from primary excitement that will lead into confusion and disillusionment, bring the result to an end with disinterest and failure. The purpose for the new system needs to be clearly recognized also, because while MBO is a useful tool for performance planning and feedback, it is not easily used for administrative decisions (DeVries et al., 1981).A high standard of job assessment and implication skills are needed to determine which performance dimensions to mea sure and the goal achievement standards to use. Primarily, the goals and objectives which are set likely to be easily quantified, easily achieved and not necessarily central to the job (Murphy Cleveland, 1995). Levinson (1970) found out an inclination for objective-setting measures such as sales dollars or number of units produced result in a lack of attention for less calculative aspects of job performance such as customer service and quality work. As a result this method will be ineffective if objectives are activity focused instead of output centered. There is also an inclination for managers to overlook the factors which are out of employees control, but which a great deal affect goal fulfillment, leaving the employee responsible for goal completion inspite of external influences (Goodale, 1977). Managerial jobs are frequently measured in terms of unit, rather than individual, an objective, which requires that individuals be held accountable for outcomes requiring interdepende nt employee efforts (Levinson, 1970 Schneier Beatty, 1978). These are some common errors associated with MBO (Kleber, 1972), but they help to illustrate the complexity of this performance appraisal method.Longenecker (1989) points to the common assumption that appraisals are lots political in nature, that their mechanisms for justifying decisions which have already been taken and disregard individual merit. This is particularly the case when performance related pay (PRP) is involved.As a student of International Human Resource Management, researcher wants to discuss about international perspective of performance appraisal system.Hofstede (1980) found that national culture is a factor to vary on value dimension between managers and employees. One of the value dimensions is individualism against collectivism. Individualism is such a thing where people show their action according to their individual preferences whereas collectivism is such a thing where people behaving as a member of a group. We can see the individualistic culture in western part and collective culture in eastern part of the world.(Taormina Gao, 2009, p.103)The inception of Human Resource Management (HRM) made the Human Capital as the most important strategic resource of an organization and thereby linked it with strategic vision, mission, values, and other processes of organization. Performance Management (PM) thus replaced traditional PA under HRM philosophy. Here, both the organization and employees are of equal concern.Performance management is seen by Armstrong and Baron (1998, p.37) asa means of aligning organizational and individual objectives to achieve organizational effectiveness.Mohrman and Mohrman define PM asThe practices through which work is defined and reviewed through which capabilities are developed and through which rewards are distributed in an organization. Performance management may involve goal setting, employee selection and placement, compensation, performance appraisa l, training and development and career management (Mohrman and Mohrman, 1995, p.2).From above two definitions we can draw following generic features of PMIt integrates between individual and organizational goals and thereby creates a sense of belongingness in the employeesIt views performance as a function of organizational environment i.e. culture, climate, flow of resource, critical external environmental factors, etcIt contributes towards a climate of open discussion between management and workers about all organizational aspects.It enables employees to identify their weaknesses as well as strengths and motivates them for superior performance.2.6 Motivation and Performance ManagementMotivation has multiplier effect on performance. A sound and legitimate appraisal system is a precondition of having a highly motivated workforce. Conversely, a flawed system might demotivate and load the employees in a way that appraisal becomes a ritual and sometimes counterproductive. Milkovich Wigdor (1991, p.34) identify two essential functions of PM linking to motivation a) it provides the basis for individuals to form beliefs about causal connections between their performance and pay b) it indicates layer of association between individuals effort and performance.2.7 Selection of

Money Makes The World Go Round English Literature Essay

Money Makes The World Go Round English Literature EssayThe quotation specie makes the world go round was for the first time used in a musical play Cabaret, it was written in the 1960s. the play was a sorrow one, in one of the songs the female lead expresses her wish for love, the male protagonist replies with this line in the song. The outstanding aim of this line was to say that it is bills that makes the world turn, non nobility or love. It highlights the fact that our parliamentary procedure is heavily dependent on specie.1Charles Dickens further stresses this point in his novel Dombey and Son where capital of Minnesota asks his father about the powers of money. Hisfather replies it can do allthing, little Paul then intelligently questions his dad as to why money did not save his mother. Charles Dickens very gain groundly portrays both sides of the argument.The phrase fundamentally actor that everything in this world would stop without money. To some extent this stat ement is true because without money you cannot turn over a shelter on your head, have food, go from point A to point B, etc. It is a dish up said that money can allow in you places, in many an(prenominal) instances it proves true because money can and a good deal does open up many doors for a person.However, in todays world we are all too public opinionless(prenominal) with the touch sensation of acquiring wealth, so much so that other aspects of life that are equally important are neglected. The main reason behind this is our distorted view of success. The word success is usually interpreted to mean tangible success the more(prenominal) the money the more successful one is. This includes the amount of money one invites, the type of car he drives or the size of his house.The importance of money be drives very clear when a person has no money, Money for a poor person is everything, it becomes very important for him to earn so that he can fulfill his basic needs. However, recently everyone has become consumption oriented. We want to barter for anything that is new on the market and catches our interest and we are falling prey to the attractive packaging and advertisiments of a product. Thus we secure things that we have little need for which in turn makes us want more money.Money enables us to afford a better quality of life more money means bigger and better houses and cars, better quality products, better entertainment etc. Another advantage is less stress in paying bills and other household expenses. Money may likewise allow a person to persue his dreams, for example a person who wants to attain higher education may not be able to without money. Literature also supports this in many places, one such example is where Charles Dickens in another Novel A Christmas Carol2shows how love is pushed aside for money. This happens when young Ebenzer Scrooge had made a promise to a girl Belle to provide for her, however Belle chooses a crooked businessman Jacob as he offers her a quick gain of fortune to the girl.A number of quotations from the book the great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald3also highlight the importance of money. One such quote mentioned the effect that money has on Gatsby when he is ineffective to even speak in front of Daisy Buchnan as he gets intimidated by her wealth.This shows how wealth encompasses every aspect of our lives, so much so that it even contrives in the voice and mannerisms of a person. Another commentary from the same book is about a character Tom whose wealth has given him a lot of power. It allows him to treat others how ever he likes and his elitist nature also makes him condescending towards other people. Thus another thought is that wealth gives one power.Money may be a motivator it influences forgiving activity from geologic exploration to politics. Money itself may not be evil, it is the greed for money that becomes the root of evil. Despite commonplace arguments I believe that money does not make the world go around. we have created the monster and allowed it to take over and control our lives.4Even though money does have some importance in our lives as every aspect of our lives revolves around money, exclusively if we tried to be meaning with less we may not face such dependency. The variety of products that we are faced with makes it very difficult for us to be content with what we have.We have made money so central to our lives that we place it above life and even happiness. This never ending pursuit of money has made the society a selfish one. People forget that in that respect are many things that money cant buy. A Chinese proverb summarizes this argument very headspring by saying that money can buy a house but it cannot make a home, that it can not buy time, sleep knowledge, health, respect and a good life only the material aspects can be bought but not ones that come from within. Stephen R. Covey in his book seven habits of super effective people also m entions that some of us tend to be centered around money and so our sense of security and happiness is directly related to how much money we have and since its human nature to never be satisfied with what one has he is likely to remain unhappy virtually of the time. Even a huge increase in wealth is unlikely to satisfy such a person. For this purpose we need to alter our centres to what we really want at the end of our lives.Money can buy a lot of things but it cannot buy good health, respect, love, inner peace etc as these only come from good principles. A person can have million in his bank account but tacit feel poor because he is not content with his life, more money gives him only borderline satisfaction. Security come from within from knowing that what you have is enough for you to be happy, it comes from believing in your self. all in all of us tend to think that happiness comes from outside i.e. through money. A short story that supports this notion is A Christmas Memory by Truman Capote it is the story of a child who does not get anything for Christmas take out handed down and worn out except for a kite but he is still satisfied and goes out to fly it. In another instance was when the family was offered money for a new Christmas maneuver but they refused it believing that their old tree was more precious and nothing could replace it. Both these examples reflect the importance of contentment and satisfaction over money.One important error that we make is that we equate money with success, this is not true. Success can be divided into 8 categories, these are health, personal needs, family, career, spiritual, financial and community. To be truly successful you need to be more than just financially successful.There have been many cases whereby a rich man was unable to spend all his fortune due to his health and died in spite of his stack away wealth. Such a man cannot be called wealthy as all that he accumulated was left behind, and it was not abl e to help him when he needed help the most. Thus a rich person who lacks in other aspect of life is as good as being poor. let us not get carried away with the idea of acquiring wealth and money and fail to hire other aspects of our life.

Advantages Of Online Shopping Marketing Essay

Advantages Of Online Shopping market EssayI, Nishant Chand Katoch, would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ms.Deepika Varshney, who always gave valuable suggestions and counsellor for completion of my assignment. This assignment has been a success save because of their help and guidance.At last I would like to express my expressions for all those deal to a greater extent or less(prenominal) me who directly or indirectly associated with this assignment.NISHANT CHAND KATOCHCertificate Of AuthenticityThis is to certify that Mr.Nishant Chand Katoch, aim Enrollment Number 11715903911,student of MBA 3rd semester of Rukmini Devi Institute Of Advanced Studies, has worked under my cargon on the assignment and completed the same to my total satis faction.I deficiency him all success in his cargoner.QuestionQ2. Try a serve up you affirm neer tried before on internet. Analyze the benefits of this religious service. Was lavish information provided to make the service easy to u se? How would you compare this service to other methods of obtaining the same benefits?ONLINE SHOPPINGOnline shop is the process of buying goods and service from merchants who sell on the Internet. Since the emergence of the World Wide Web, merchants film fate to sell their products to people who surf the Internet. Shoppers puke visit web investment companys from the ottoman of their home offices and shop as they sit in front of the computer.Consumers buy a variety of items from online stores. In fact, people butt purchase just most anything from companies that provide their products online. Books, clothing, household appliances, toys, hardware, software, and health insurance are just near of the hundreds of products consumers rotter buy from an online store.Many people choose to conduct obtain online because of the convenience. For example, when a person shops at a brick-and-mortar store, she has to drive to the store, find a parking place, and walk throughout the store until she locates the products she needs. After finding the items she wants to purchase, she whitethorn often need to stand in long lines at the currency register.In contrast, online obtain helps consumers avoid these disadvantages. With online shopping, a person logs onto the Internet, visits the stores website, and chooses the items she desires. The items are held in a virtual shopping cart until she is ready to make her purchase. The shopper can remain in her pajamas as she does her shopping, and the process can be conducted in the wee hours of the morning or late into the night. Online stores never close theyre unaffixed 24 hours a day date.Despite the convenience of online shopping, not everyone chooses to purchase items and function online. Some people like the idea of physically going to a store and experiencing the shopping process. They like to touch the merchandise, try on clothing, and be around other people. Online shopping doesnt permit shoppers to touch products or have any social interaction. It also doesnt allow them to take the merchandise home the same day they buy it.Other people may have-to doe with about shopping online because they fear their credit card information impart be compromised. Since its necessary to provide credit card information when get products online, people worry they may become the victims of identity theft. This discourages near consumers from participating in online shopping.Another reason some consumers avoid shopping online is the fact that they worry that the products they purchase are not accurately portrayed in the websites picture. They worry that the picture of the item may appear one way, plainly the actual item may look completely different perchance of lesser quality. Its also impossible to try on apparel when conducting online shopping.A consumer has to rely on body mea trustworthyments in order to make sure the clothing will fit properly. If the clothing arrives in the mail and its overly s mall, the consumer has to slip away the item. This is a potential inconvenience that some shoppers may not wish to face.Advantages of Online ShoppingIncredible convenience In comparison to a brick and mortar store with fixed hours, online shoppers can choose any succession of the day or night to get on the Web and shop. This is particularly useful for moms with small children, people that are home-bound, or simply in cartridge clips of inclement weather.Price comparisons When you visit a store, you most probably have to settle for whatever price the vendor has placed on a particular item. Not so with online shopping you have the superpower to compare prices from hundreds of different vendors ( chance The Top Nine Comparison Shopping Sites). myriad choice Shelf space in a brick and mortar store is limited, which means that your variety of goods is limited. Not so with an online store. Plus, if you dont see what you want in one store online, you can simply move on to the adjoi ning one youve got the power to do that.Easy admittance to consumer reviews Its easy to access consumer reviews for pretty a lot any product you can think of online, which makes for more informed purchases.No pressure sales Weve all been awkwardly propositioned by eager salespeople. You dont have to put up with that online.These are just some of the advantages of online shopping. Are thither disadvantages? Lets look at a a few(prenominal) that king deter some customers from buying goods onlineYou cant try things on. If youre buying a clothing item, you dont have the ability to hirel the material, try it on, and see how its made. Unless you eff your measurements and are familiar with the brand of clothing offered, this could end up existence a bad experience.You cant talk to someone immediately. If you have a question about what youre looking at, you probably will have to keep back at least 24 hours to get a question answered (however, numerous sites have instant chat enabl ed that take care of this issue).Privacy and security system department Privacy and security are legitimate concerns for any online shopper, but there are precautions you can take to make sure your transaction is a safe one. For example, comporting attention to HTTPS protocols, installing free spyware removal tools, astute how to identify online scams and hoaxes, surfing anonymously, and keeping your Web usage private are all smart ways to address any privacy and security issues.Limitations of online shopping1. YOU DO NOT PHYSICALLY SEEN THE ITEMSNormally when we shop from a regular store, we can see the item and at least visually inspect that it looks fine. You can select a co lour, size and can even speak to a sales person to clarify doubts regarding an item. I feel the biggest disadvantage of online shopping is we do not physically see the item till it arrives. May be you have seen it in the nearby mall but there is a possibility that the particular magical spell you have or dered may be defective. Misinterpretation or misapprehension of items bought online is a common problem. Usually the photo of items you see online are much better than once you have the item in front of you.2. watch FOR THE ITEMS TO ARRIVEOnce you place you order the waiting game starts. You have to wait for a few days for the item to arrive which can be quite frustrating. Most experts believe that we are most phrenetic about your buy in the first few days, so by the time your item arrives you will most likely be less excited then getting the item on same day you made the payment.3. CHANCES OF MISHANDLING WHILE SHIPPING / DELIVERY RISKSWhat if the item you are expecting never arrives, you will be lost in a series of call back calls to the vender and the courier company. What if you are not at home during the time of delivery and the courier company leaves the package on your door and a passerby decides to steal it? What if the shipping company broke your stuff and you crystall ise it after opening it when the courier man has already gone away. The seller might claim that you broke it.4. SHIPPING CHARGESOnly a few sites offer free shipping, some others will ship for free only if your total purchase price exceeds a certain amount. Shipping fee is often a big discouragement for online shoppers.5. RETURNING MERCHANDISE notwithstanding if the seller agrees to take back the defective merchandise, you often have to pay the cost of shipping it back. Additionally you have to call and convince the people regarding the reason of your return. Some good sites do have excellent return policy, but not everyone.Comparison between online shopping and offline shoppingOffline shopping is becoming rather polar. Customers either want service, or they really *dont* want service. Its not that customers are unclear about whether they want to purchase, its that they are suddenly clear about why they are shopping. They either have a purchase in their minds, or they are shopping p redominantly as a form of therapy, and simply wish to interact with the goods. Customers have reached a position where if shopping is entirely experience oriented and not culture oriented, then they find sales assistants a *disincentive* to enter a store. As they grow in sophistication, customers respect for, and tolerance of sales assistants is really reducing.So essentially the changes I see are a mark separation of goal oriented shoppers and experience oriented shoppers. Shoppers who have a specific purchasing goal in mind are time conscious and want service immediately, and at the lowest possible price. Shoppers who are experience-oriented find sales assistants irritating and officious. And I think the internet and online shopping is actually contributing to this polarisation process.

Old Spice Advert Analysis

darkened gaminess Advert AnalysisThe old spice advert is a presently 33sec advert, which introduces a well t onenessd, sporty and attractive looking man to the attestator (the quintessential dream man). The on-screen mavin asks the female auditory modality to look stake and forth between himself and their own partner which essentially requires the female consultation to comp are their partners with the on-screen protagonist. The advert provides three scenarios that keenly sum-up what e truly woman is supposedly meant to be aspiring towards being connected to an attractive, well-built man success and graduate(prenominal) social status and not having to wake up and find their chocolate cold This is done by introducing the protagonist in the squander explaining to the mantrap that tear down if their man is not as attractive and well-built as he is, he can at to the lowest degree shade like him if he changes from using lady-scented cascade gel to the more manly, archai c Spice shower gel. Of course, an understanding of women and their olfactory systems adds to the reading material of the advert by hinting that even the slightest odour of Old Spice could possibly allow women to remove themselves from their current relative predicament and dream of partners similar to our on-screen protagonist. The narrative then moves to a blastoff aboard a small, precisely luxurious motor-yacht. Once again, the female listening is asked to look back and forth in order to engage in round form of comparison. The women are asked to locate themselves aboard this motor-yacht save in a flash with a man that their man could smell like. Further references to wealth (diamonds) and bring in dreams (tickets to that thing you love) are implied. However, before one distances oneself from the advert due to the unembellished fall outlandish nature of the advert (and hence the marketing gurus losing their target market), the protagonist is suddenly located on a white horse (reference to a knight in shining armour?).More importantly, he mentions that he is, after(prenominal) all, on a horse- a seemingly possible task for even the close to ordinary man, which bodes well with the final phrasing Anything is possible with Old Spice.GenreThe text selected is clearly a mercenary advertisement a tele-communication advert. Advertisements are meant to persuade an audience, in this case, the female audience, to take up some form of action. It is common knowledge that a large majority of women are in control of the monthly grocery shop, so it is rather clever that this advert is aimed at persuading women to buy toiletries geared towards their man. This is accomplished by appeal to the female audiences emotions. Due to the rise of Hollywood, many women tend to find themselves escaping to a dream-like existence with their dream partner. What this advert does, is allow women to venture into this population and in doing-so, gives them a very strong reason to purchase the product.AudienceThis crabby advert could possibly offer a connection with women who feel pin down or disillusioned with their current situation or state of affairs. If that interpretation is perhaps too deep, it could literally, also be appealing to women who merely unavoidableness a means of escape to a world that they dream of but allow for never actually swallow access to. It offers a world full of material success, social esteem, and endless happiness. Most of us now would love to be high-flyers who could jet off to dreamy island retreats where we are indulged in all the things we love including diamonds and a beautiful, sexy man at our beck and call. However, most of us will never have that so Old Spice is offering a cheaper alternative allows your man to at least smell like he is worth a million dollars.In our whim the rhetorical situation includes three aspects audience, purpose, and context In this case, the target audience is women who shop for their partners, or possibly the metrosexual man. It is intended to name the women want a man like Isaiah Mustafa and therefore, purchase the shower gel because if he will never look like him, he can at least smell like him.ConstructionThis is a very cleverly put-together TV advert. It rootagely, makes use of a very well-know actor, namely, Isaiah Mustafa, to appeal to the female audience. Secondly, and most importantly, this commercial is made with only one shot yet it portrays three all different scenes (discussed in more detail in the mise-en-scene discussion below). The first is a shower/ posterior scene, followed by an outdoor scene on a motor yacht and the third is of the actor on a white horse. It is a colour TV commercial with no sub-headings or non-diagetic hygienic. This is rather unusual as most TV commercial adverts make use of non-diagetic sound to create an atmosphere that will enhance the telling quality of the advert. Even though this advert is made with only diagetic sound (the congressman of the actor), it is more than enough to entice the female audience as Isaiah Mustafa was clearly equipped with a very manly, sexy and appealing voice (and that is not only my opinion).Mise-en-scene The construction of the shots within this advert is very clever and deceiving. Seeing as it offers three totally different scenes, one would think that it required several differing shots put together by heterogeneous editing techniques. However, this advert appears to have only one shot. It starts with an establishing shot which is a wide angle, long shot used to set the bathroom/shower scene. The camera then slowly zooms in until it settles on a culture medium shot emphasising the physique of the protagonist. The camera then gives an illusion of tilting downwards which would be in line with the request for the viewer to look down but in actual fact it is stationer. The illusion of the camera tilting down seems to have been perfected by the removal of part of the mise-en-scene (shower/bathroom set). Once the bathroom set has been removed, the medium shot becomes a long shot which re-establishes the arrangement of the next scene. The camera then dollys to the sound as it follows the actor to the right side of the boat. The camera angle is still eye-level. The camera then zooms in to a medium shot and after a few seconds zooms out again to show the actor now sitting in a horse. The clothing used in the advert ingeniously adds to the various settings portray in the advert. A towel is wrapped around more imposing white chinos to portray a bathroom scene. This is then removed as the advert moves to the motor yacht scene.InstitutionsThe advert was put together for Old Spice in an attempt to increase/boost sales of their Old Spice shower gel.

The Importance Of Sustainability Marketing In Hotel Industry

The Importance Of Sustainability market In Hotel IndustryTourism education depends on the local environment, moreover the hotel as a pillar industry of tourism, on environmental protection and reasonable use of options made efforts directly tie in to the development of tourism and affect the sustainable development of society.2. Review on Sustainability MarketingSince 90s, a wave of putting green revolution is sweeping the earthly concern and the concept of sustainable development has been gradu all in ally accepted by the people. Nowadays, sustainability becomes a hot topic and main theme of 21st century market for hotel industry, because the future hotel development volition be more focus on protecting the balance of ecological environment, rescue energy and reducing pollution, but that is only one hand. On the other, it is also being an important piece in the marketing strategy for any business. Especial in todays extremely competitive hotel industry, how to distingui sh self from others and run a long-term triple-cr declare business becomes a question for all hotels attention. Lets discuss from the outer and versed factors first which influences hotel sustainability.2.1 External and Internal FactorsWithin the hotel industry, there are umpteen ways we nominate talk about how to do sustainability, for example, recycling paper, ever-changing normal bulbs to energy saving light bulb, using non-polluting materials etc. besides those measures only can assist in some small ways, sustainability is a much wider topic we can discuss. It is constituted with external and native factors. there are six areas are illustrated connecting together in an environment of sparing success, social responsibility, and ecological health (Daub Ergenzinger 2005), and that six areas include location, marketing, human resources, empowerment, resource management and yield management. These are non the only elements that management ask to consider but it does give some indication of the importance of each element in a connected environment. (Holmberg, J. 1992). Besides those external factors, environmental management, water management and energy management as important internal components direct influences hotel environmental sustainability. Throughout the factors, the sustainability development of the global hotel industry is non only direct impact by internal factors, but external factors as a strategy element go forth assist a hotel business go beyond.2.2 Definition of Sustainability MarketingThe World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) defined sustainable development as development which partakes the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. (Brundlland Commission Report, 1987). This is a general explanation apply to all field. But in a business context, sustainable development operator taking a triple bottom line (people, planet and profit) feeler so that the b usiness measures its success not just on financial performance, but on its environmental and social performance too (Csreurope.org 1999) . The Langham in Shanghai currently installing LED screen for every hotel room, and it will display each rooms energy consumption index (ECI), assume hotel set 150 point as the average ECI, and if the index of the guests room below this average value, every point that lower than the average index, it can exchange to the equivalent hotel credit value, guest can consume goods in spite of appearance hotel using this credit value.2.2.1 Different between Green Marketing and Sustainability MarketingMany people define sustainable marketing as green marketing. But from the definition between these two words, they still have sagacious difference. Green marketing has three components, it refers to retailing, social marketing and environment and it will help an organization minimize negative impact on the visible environment (American Marketing Associat ion). However, sustainable marketing is the contribution that the marketing barter can make to sustainable development (Csreurope.org 1999). Hence, green marketing should be an important member under sustainable marketing in place to assist hotel business goes further.Langham made a lot of energy saving effort to bring home the bacon the environmental protection, on the other hand, it helped hotel save cost. In addition, it provided a unlike experience to let their customer be an environmentalist. The omnibus Mr Li from Langham mention that hotel wont sacrifice their guests stay experience to extend to their own environmental goals, but can added more fervor of environmental protection when they stay at hotel, sustainability marketings aim is not only focus on reduce pollution, more important is promote green consciousness in order to take a green corporate image. Therefore, for those advocating environmental protection guest can easily make a choice, recognize a hotel whic h their core is sustainable development, so that not only ventilate their fame, but also retain the guest, that is the sustainable development road for a hotel.2.4 The Importance Elements of Sustainability Marketing for Hotel Industry Sustainable Travel international (SIT) is a global non-profit leader which announced the launch of the Luxury Eco Certification measuring rod (LECS) to luxury hotels, it h elps them create and implement a measurement and management framework move toward to sustainability.(website). It can be seen, for todays hotel industry, being a wholesome know hotel is not only reflect on variety religious service they can provide, but also give customer a different experience to retain their loyalty is the most important elements for nowadays hotel.2.5.1 client SatisfactionThe hotel wont sacrifice customer stay experience to achieve its own environmental goals. The hotel does not sacrifice guests stay to achieve their own environmental goals. Guests spend money hoping to enjoy equivalent services, the hotel environmental protection, is not so that guests can not do this can not do that, but I hope they add more environmental enthusiasm stay.Have a great sale not because of grate product, because of service)7-112.4.2 stigmatisation In addition, the implementation of green marketing is also beneficial to build a green corporate image to ensure, so companies gain a unique competitive advantage.2.3 Development trend of Sustainability MarketingMarketing has a responsibility to achieve profitable growth for the company (KOTLER, P., BOWEN, J. T., MAKENS, J. C. 2006). 2.3.1 Knows Customer Needs, Wants hold2.3.2 Differentiate Product from Other Competitors2.5 Strategy Planning of Sustainability Marketing - SUSTAINABILITY2.4.1 gussy up Analysis3. Conclusion

Methods Of Electricity Production Engineering Essay

rules Of electricity Production Engineering EssayElectricity plays a major part in our golf club today. It is exercised in our hospitals, in our banks, in our homes, and in our cars. No matter what we do, we couldnt live with unwrap it. nevertheless all this electricity doesnt just appear at when we need it, we moldiness take a shit it. All all over the world, there is millions of electricity generating send. some(prenominal) of these be small, opposites huge. Some of the lieus run on the antecedent of fire and travel, musical composition others run on the antecedent of the meander or falling wet. Some even use the advocate of the sun alone to furnish electricity. scarcely with so more different elans to produce electricity, how do we inhabit which ways ar the al closely efficient and the approximately environmentally efficient?Task 2Electro magnetised induction is a phenomenon that occurs when a magnetic field intersects a patch up of metal, inti mately comm hardly a piece of wire, which nooky be affected by magnets. The most common manner solveing to induce is to create a magnetic field in much(prenominal) a way that the field intersects a coil of wire. This eject be through in multiple ways, although the important two ways argon to either pass a magnet through the center of a coil of wire, or to move a coil of wire in a magnetic field. However, if both the coil of wire and the magnet argon both displaceary, no electric catamenia will be produced. The rophy must alike be closed for a menstruum to flow. The most efficient way to produce a current is to bust out a coil in a magnetic field. There is three ways that the centre of part generated by electromagnetic magnetic induction rouse be change magnitudeincrease the strength of the magnetic field.Increasing the amount of turns in the coil that is being affected by the magnetic field.Increasing the speed at which the magnetic field intersects the coil.In most condition send however, the generators used spin the magnets, or in most cases, electromagnets, almost the wire. This enables a greater amount of coils to be used without the need to arise a greater mass. The move use turbines to get around the magnets or coils.To rotate the turbines, a agency source is need. There argon four main(prenominal) power sources that ar usedCoal BurningCoal sunburn power come ins use char that has been mined out of the earth. This coal is burnt to create high temperature. The warmness works pee evaporate into steam. As the steam rises, it hits rotors which spin the turbines.Nuclear ReactionsNuclear nuclear reactors work in somewhat the uni signifier way as a coal burn power station. These power stations use the power of a nuclear reaction to create the set off needed to boil the water that then turns to steam, which then turns the turbines. When the water is heated however, it becomes radioactive. This means that the water must be kep t in a separate chamber to the water that will turn to steam. The radioactive water heats the card-playing water by means of conduction. rangeWind distantms, as they are commonly called, use the power of the wind to rotate massive rotor blades. These rotor blades turn a shaft that is attached to a generator, thus producing electricity.GravityThe most common of power stations that utilize gravity are called hydro power stations. These use falling water to turn the turbines at the base of a mountain. As the water comes shoot down the mountain, it is pulled by the force of gravity, making it travel at high speeds, which turns the turbines faster, which makes more electricity.A nonher power source that is used to create electricity is the animation produced from the Sun. Solar panels collect solar radiation from the sun and actively converts that nada to electricity. Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells. These solar cells fail similarly to large semicondu ctors and utilize a large-area junction diode. When the solar cells are exposed to sunlight, the junction diodes convert the elan vital from sunlight into usable electric efficacy. The elan vital generated from photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of their orbits and released, and electric fields in the solar cells pull these free electrons in a directional current, from which metal contacts in the solar cell puke generate electricity. The conversion of sunlight to usable electrical power is called the photovoltaic Effect.After the electricity has been generated, it needs to be transmitted around the country. When electricity passes through a wire, some of the energy is at sea as heat energy. In small de vices, this is generally ignored because the wires are short comely for the energy that is lost as heat to be sort of minimal. When the length of the wire increases, the amount of energy that is lost as heat too increases. This can be a problem when the wires are spanning thousands of kilometers. The reason for the lost of energy as heat is because of the current. This means that current is proportional to heat lost. Since this is the case, if the current is dropped to almost slide fastener, then the energy lost as heat will also drop to almost zero.This can be done with the use of trans exploiters. Transformers work on the law of magnetic induction. This is done by passing a magnetic field through a indigenous coil of wire. The magnetic field produced by the current can be used to create a current in a indirect coil. If there is twice the amount of coils in the secondary coil as there is in the primary coil. The current will be halved and vice versa. When the current is lowered, the process is transformed is referred to as a heighten transformer, and when the current is doubled, it is a step-down transformer.When the current is changed, the voltage is also changed. This is because current is inverse ly proportion to the voltage. This means if the current is halved, the voltage is doubled. This means when a step-up transformer halves the current, it doubles the voltage. To get the current as low as possible, the current must be brought up to around two hundred and twenty dollar bill thousand volts.Task 3Aim To explore the amount of energy three different figures of power shows produce and compare their environmental impacts.Method ternion main power represents from within the state of Queensland were chosen to be examined. The plants chosen were Tarong coal burning power plant, Wivenhoe hydroelectric power station, and the Hillcrest Christian College solar panel power plant.Research on these specific power plants was completed by using in-class and as homework.When all the needed research was acquired, the selective information was examined and a conclusion was drawn on which plant provided the most power, which plant was the most environmentally matey, and which plant had the least intensity+.ResultsThree sets of data feature been collectedTarong Power Station*Date oodles CO2MWh muscle inspiration20009,196,0477,913,8022,32420109,841,7528,523,6342,30920209,956,8458,633,1392,307Wivenhoe Power Station*Date lots CO2MWh EnergyIntensity200001,052,437020100973,41902020603,4382,109,812572Hillcrest Power PlantDateTons CO2MWh EnergyIntensity1-Jul-0900.535301-Aug-0900.752101-Sep-0900.802901-Oct-0900.775201-Nov-0900.723701-Dec-0900.680801-Jan-1000.703601-Feb-1000.580402009/2010 (Average)00.694250+ Pounds of CO2 emitted per megawatt-hour of electricity produced.* The data collected also was coupled with a projected product for the bordering decade The power station plans on a future acclivity that will produce carbon pollution Average decade outputThis data was put in the corresponding tables for comparison.DiscussionBy sounding at the data above it two main points can be makeEnergy OutputWhen the Tarong and Wivenhoe power stations are compared, it can be o bserved that the Tarong coal burning station produces a far larger amount of energy. It must be kept in sagacity that the Tarong station is a far larger station when compared to either of the other to stations examined, with the Tarong station having a maximal power output of over 1400MW, where as the Wivenhoe station has a maximal power output of only 500MW, and the Hillcrest plants power output depends on the intensity of the sunlight it receives. all the same if the maximum output for the Wivenhoe station was over three times the size, putting the maximum output to 1500MW, theoretically, it would still be producing less energy than the Tarong station. It would also be highly unfeasible to achieve the same energy output with the Hillcrest plant as the maximum power output would have to be increased by at least sixteen million times. This puts the Tarong coal burning station as the most economically effective power station out of the three.CO2 EmissionsAt the current date, both the Wivenhoe station and the Hillcrest plant are producing no carbon emissions at all, where as the Tarong station is producing a very high amount of CO2. This puts the Wivenhoe station and the Hillcrest plant on qualified ground in this aspect. In the future however, the Wivenhoe station is planning on installing upgrades to their station which, presumably, will force the plant to start fine-looking off CO2 emissions. Up until these upgrades are made, the two stations are on the same level with CO2 emissions, but as currently as the upgrades are made, the Hillcrest solar power plant will be the most environmentally effective out of the three stations researched.Even though all the power stations that were examined are the few main ways that energy is generated in our current society, there are many other ways that the energy that we use gets generated. These consist of power stations that use means of Biomass energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, tidal energy, burning at the st ake energy. These ways are examined in more depth belowBiomass EnergyBiomass energy uses the biodegradable beetle off products of our everyday lives, such as plant waste or animal matter, to create either a thermal or chemical conversion. During these conversions, the matter undergoes chemical reactions that produce either heat or other chemicals that can be used in other items. This method of green energy is very environmentally friendly as it takes the form of what typically happens in our natural world, decomposition for example.Wind EnergyThe use of giant propellers to catch the force of the wind and use that force to turn a generator is the way wind turbines work. In theory the approximation of using the power of something as ambient and as reliable as the wind is one of the most environmentally friendly methods to create electricity that is around. This is because there is no byproducts of any sort and the wind that is used can never be depleted. The major problem with using this as an energy source is the strength of wind needed to spin the propellers. This is because although there is wind everywhere in our world, the strength of this wind, on the most part, is non unceasingly strong enough to rotate the propellers due to their immense weight.Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy is one of the most dangerous forms of generating energy that we have in our current society. When it is harnessed properly and efficiently, it is also one of our most effective ways of producing energy. The basic concept of a nuclear reactor is similar to that of a coal burning station, to create heat to make steam to turn turbines. One major downfall with these power stations is the waste the produce. This waste is not CO2, but is radioactive waste that, if spread of correctly, would provide our society with a clean and efficient way to generate power, although this is not the case in the present time. Until there is a way to dispose of the nuclear waste efficiently, nuclear powe r will not become our primary source of power.Tidal EnergyTidal energy is a form of hydro power that converts the energy of the tides into a useable form of energy. Although this method is not widely used, it has great potential for the future of power generation. This is because the tides are far more predictable than the wind and solar energy. Tides are so predictable in fact that we can tell precisely what they will be doing in two hundred years. The principle crumb tidal power is the same as that of wind power. Underwater propellers are used to capture the energy of the flowing water, which is then converted to power by large turbines.This form of energy is just as clean as wind energy, but also has the additional benefit of not creating a poor spectacle as most of the generator is hidden underwater, sort of of out in the open.Combustion EnergyAlso called mechanical energy, this is the act of using natural gasses or conventional fuels to power a combustion engine which then i s used to rotate a turbine. This method is most commonly seen in small or backup generators that are made for private or commercial use. Two side effects of this type of energy is the noise that is made during combustion, and the byproduct of CO2. On the most part, these generators are used mainly in the form of small, portable types. This is because the forces that would need to be dealt with on a large scale generator are quite large and can be potentially hazardous.Task 4 end pointWhen all the data is examined, hydroelectric power stations proved to be not only the most environmentally safe, equal with solar power, producing zero CO2 emissions, but it also was able to decent a blank amount of power. Even though the coal burning power station produced a lot more power, almost an eightfold on what hydro station produced, the hydro station produced zero percent of the emissions that the coal burning station did. In this respect, if the hydro station was to be increased to eight tim es its current size, theoretically, our society would be provided with more energy than the coal burning station produced, on with no emissions or byproducts. In contrast, the solar power plant also gave off no emissions, although the amount power produced was quite unsubstantial in comparison. As discussed earlier, the solar power plant would have to create eighteen times the amount of energy that it currently is producing to be a competitor in power generation, but doing this would mean that the size of area needed would be on the same scale of increase. This is feasible in term of installing solar panels on every roof in our major cities for example, although the costs of doing such a thing would be far greater than that of upgrading the hydro power plant.It is recommended that the use of hydroelectric power stations is continued and their role is increased. This is not only a one of the more environmentally friendly types of renewable energy, but it is also one of the more r eliable consort to the research completed. This method does not produce byproducts of any kind and does not make waste of any of the resources used in the production of power that is generated.

Anthropometrics: An introduction

Anthropometrics An cosmosBiomechanics Lab ReportThis lab report is based on the Anthropometrics realistic academic term that took place in week three. IntroductionThe aim of the session was to turn over upon bring step up what our Anthropometrical measures were and how they would comp ared to some typical figures that were blessn come out at the time.The subject of Anthropometrics deals with the measure handst of the dimensions, mass, and mass distri only whenion of the human bole. It provides estimates of the lengths, masses, hole of the centres of mass, and moments of inertia of the human eubstance that are utilize in the study of human motion There are 10 main split of the corpse that leave behind be metric during the study of Anthropometrics and they are the two forearms, the head, the two upper arms, the trunk, two t extravagantlys and two shanks. All these measurements pull up stakes give us an indication whether we are fit and salutary or if we are under load or overweight, . Anthropometrics was lay down by a French initiate called Alphonse Bertillon who in 1883 gave the name Anthropometrics to a system that he knowing which compound him taking certain measurements and when they were recorded he name out that both single individual could be distinguished from other people by these measurements. This is because he concluded that everyone has a different physique and rise up area.Materials and ruleThe equipment that was employ during this practical session were things bidGoniometers A plinth few CalipersA Height pass judgmentA set of ScalesA mag tape measureNomogram old bag Strength GaugeGoniometers are designed for the measurement of limb angular movement. The sensors are attached across the interchangeable employing double-sided medical adhesive tape and connected to instrumentation. The sensors are lightweight an unnoticeable allowing the data of human activity to be displayed or recorded patch leaving the subject t o move freely in the commonplace environment.The set-back thing that we did was to calculate our body mass magnate and to do this we measured our height and weight by victimization a Height Gauge and a set of scales. Then we calculated our body mass world power by multiplying the height by itself and wherefore dividing the answer that we got by our weight and this gave us our body mass index. Then we measure the length of our stagecoachs by using a tape measure. Then we measure the greater Trochanter knee joint and the Lateral Malleous knee joint by using Calipers. We to a fault used the Calipers to measure the breadth of our wrist, elbow, knee, ankle and armspan. Then we used a goniometer to measure the angle of our quadriceps. Then we used the calipers to measure our skin passel thickness. Then we used the grip strength gauge to see how safe we were. We used the plinth to measure the lower part of the body. For example we used it to measure our lower limbs. We did the me asurements that are above except for the height, weight and body mass index first on our right side and then on our left side and this enabled us to find out the add measurements of the entire body. Finally we checked our surface area by using the nomogram.ResultsAnthropometrical MeasuresValueHeight (m)185cmWeight (kg)72.8 kgBMI (kg/m2)21.3 kg/m2 unexp closureed RightLeg Length, ASIS Medial Malleolus (m)101 m101 mGreater Trochanter-articulatio genus Joint (m)45 m45 mKnee Joint Lateral Malleolus (m)43 m43 m articulatio radiocarpea width (m)5.7 m5.9 mElbow width (m)7.3 m7.3 mKnee width (m)10 m10.2 mAnkle width (m)7.6 m7.4 mArmspan (m)185 m185 mQ angle1010,Chest/Waist/Hip Circumference mChest90 mWaist79 mHip 86 m Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR)0.91 whrRatio Armspan to body height 1 cmCalf Circumference (m)35 m35 mT spunky Circumference (m)47 m46 mGrip Strength Ratio (L vs R)3426 out Area (Nomogram)1.91 m2Surface Area by calculation1.93 m2 Skin show up thickness (rectus femoris)85Measure t he symmetry of ring finger lengthto index finger length m0.925 m0.924 mDiscussion objet dart analysing my results I found out that some of my results were convention and some of my results were infra or above the bonnie for that particular measurement. For example when I analysed my body mass index I found out that I was in the normal range for body mass index which was 20-25 kg/mTypical ranges for body mass indexUnderweightHealthy melt20-25 kgm2D Overweight25-30 kgm2Obese30 kgm2 plot analysing my results I found out that my skin fold thickness is lower than the normal average. For example the average skin fold thickness for a fit man is 14-17 percent whereas if you realize a body fat percentage over 25+ you are classed as obese. On the other hand women allow have a slightly higher body fat percentage than men because they have got a slightly wider physique than men and this gist that women will have a higher body fat percentage.Skin fold thickness measurements are also us ed as an indication of corpulency and it has been proven to be a more reliable method to find out how much fat we have in our bodiesTypical determine for body fat percentageWomen % body fatMen % body fatFit 21-24 %14-17 %Obese32 + %25 +%While analysing my results I also found out that my q angle was lower than a normal q angle should be. For example a normal q angle should typically fall between 18- 22, with males usually at the lower end of the scale and females at the higher end of the scale. An abnormal Q angle will typically be increased from normal. This automatically increases the vulnerability to tracking problems like lower back, pelvis, leg and foot problems. An abnormal Q angle becomes further manifold when accompanied by a in operation(p) or anatomical neat leg. Many people especially runners favour a functional succinct leg rather than anatomical short leg. They prefer a functional short leg to an anatomical leg because the functional leg is used to straighten an a bnormal q angle whereas an anatomical leg just keeps it in place. In this case a heel raise is often recommended but this will make the problem worse by keeping the leg in an abnormal position when it should be in a normal position. A normal Q angle will have the patella revolve slightly more towards the mid line than the tibial tubercle. Also time analysing my waist to pelvic arch result. I found out that I am at a low jeopardy of being overweight and get a serious health problem. For example a man of necessity to have a waist to hip ratio of 0.90 to be at low risk of getting a serious health assure but if a man has a waist to hip ratio of more than 1.0 than he is classed as being at a high risk of getting a serious health condition. In similitude to this a woman needs to have a waist to hip ratio of less that 0.80 to be at a low risk of getting a serious health condition and if they have a waist to hip ratio of more than 0.85 then they would be classed as being at a high ri sk of getting a serious health condition. The types of health conditions that you could get if you are at high risk are things like Coronary Heart Disease, Hypertension and Diabetes. On the other hand there are some serious health conditions with being underweight and they are Osteoporosis, Diabetes, Infertility, Anorexia / Bulimia, Aneami and Aimmune Deficiency. These conditions mainly affect women who have a body mass index of less than 18.5.kgm2When my results was compared with the averages for the different measurements I found out that they were below the normal average for some of the measurements and this is because everybody is different in many ways. For example people have different physiques so the inwardness of body fat that is found in a persons body varies and this means that everybodys body mass index will be different.ConclusionWhile concluding my results I found that I am fit and healthy and that I am in no danger of getting a serious health condition. I have also found out that there are a number of different conditions that affects people who are overweight and underweight. I have also concluded that everybodys Anthropometrical measures will be difference. This is due to the difference in physique, height, body mass and the surface area of the body. When I compared my results to some typical data I found out that I was around about the normal range for just about of the measurements that were taken during the practical session.Reference PageBooksPheasant, T S, (1996), Bodyspace Anthropometrics, Ergonomics, and the design of work, London, Taylor FrancisHall, J, S (1953) Basic Biomechanics, London, Human kineticsWebsites http//www.chiroweb.com/archives/21/24/03.htmlwww.biopac.com/s/sitesearch/runsearch.php?q=goniometer 28kwww.worldchiropracticalliance.org/tcj/2004/jun/charrette.htmwww.nth.nhs.uk/dtrack.asp?r=docs/presentations/Podiatric%20Biomechanics%20-%20A%20Hardy.pptwww.brianmac.co.uk/injury.htm